ABSTRACT
Face recognition is a method of identifying or verifying the identity of an individual using their face but what if this recognition method could be extended further to suit the needs of the current scenario. Given this COVID pandemic, this paper fits best by recognizing the people wearing masks. The research has been done by creating our own dataset using images from our friends and relatives followed by doing image augmentation by performing operations like rotating by some angle, changing brightness and contrast, zooming in and out, etc. Then, face with the mask is extracted from the given image with the help of MTCNN to get a bounding box, width, and the height of the face, and then, segmentation has been done by reducing the height by a factor of 2. FaceNet pretrained model has been used to represent the faces on a 128-dimensional unit hyper-sphere and get the embeddings for further classification. Many different algorithms like linear Discriminant analysis, SVM, ridge classifier, K-neighbors classifier, logistic regression, Naive Bayes, XGBoost, Ada Boost, random forest classifier, and decision tree classifier have been used for experimentation. After testing this, good accuracy was obtained as can be seen in the result section of this paper. The scope of this paper is quite vast as it covers many practical applications in real-scenario like detecting the presence of a particular person from an image or even from video by capturing faces frame by frame. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
In the past two decades, Earth observation (EO) data have been utilized for studying the spatial patterns of urban deprivation. Given the scope of many existing studies, it is still unclear how very-high-resolution EO data can help to improve our understanding of the multidimensionality of deprivation within settlements on a city-wide scale. In this work, we assumed that multiple facets of deprivation are reflected by varying morphological structures within deprived urban areas and can be captured by EO information. We set out by staying on the scale of an entire city, while zooming into each of the deprived areas to investigate deprivation through land cover (LC) variations. To test the generalizability of our workflow, we assembled multiple WorldView-3 datasets (multispectral and shortwave infrared) with varying numbers of bands and image features, allowing us to explore computational efficiency, complexity, and scalability while keeping the model architecture consistent. Our workflow was implemented in the city of Nairobi, Kenya, where more than sixty percent of the city population lives in deprived areas. Our results indicate that detailed LC information that characterizes deprivation can be mapped with an accuracy of over seventy percent by only using RGB-based image features. Including the near-infrared (NIR) band appears to bring significant improvements in the accuracy of all classes. Equally important, we were able to categorize deprived areas into varying profiles manifested through LC variability using a gridded mapping approach. The types of deprivation profiles varied significantly both within and between deprived areas. The results could be informative for practical interventions such as land-use planning policies for urban upgrading programs.